MariaDB由于与MySQL基本相同，所以安装方法也基本一致，这里介绍MariaDB的免编译二进制安装包的安装方法，另外也将介绍Apache的安装方法。

MariaDB安装

下载MariaDB：

# cd /usr/local/src
# wget https://downloads.mariadb.com/MariaDB/mariadb-10.2.6/bintar-linux-glibc_214-x86_64/mariadb-10.2.6-linux-glibc_214-x86_64.tar.gz

解压MariaDB压缩包：

# tar zxvf mariadb-10.2.6-linux-glibc_214-x86_64.tar.gz

将解压出来的目录移动到/usr/local/下并更名为mariadb：
```
# mv mariadb-10.2.6-linux-glibc_214-x86_64 /usr/local/mariadb
```
创建mysql用户并创建/data/mariadb目录，或使用mariadb目录下的data目录：
```
# useradd mysql -s /bin/nologin
# mkdir -p /data/mariadb
```

执行初始化脚本：

# ./scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mariadb/

如果在执行初始化脚本是提示如下错误，那么需要将/etc/my,cnf删除或者重命名，这是由于之前安装了MySQL并且修改了my.cnf内的basedir等配置造成的，或者在初始化脚本的参数上增加--basedir=/usr/local/mariadb：

FATAL ERROR: Could not find mysqld

The following directories were searched:

    /usr/local/mysql/libexec
    /usr/local/mysql/sbin
    /usr/local/mysql/bin

If you compiled from source, you need to either run 'make install' to
copy the software into the correct location ready for operation.
If you don't want to do a full install, you can use the --srcddir
option to only install the mysql database and privilege tables

If you are using a binary release, you must either be at the top
level of the extracted archive, or pass the --basedir option
pointing to that location.

The latest information about mysql_install_db is available at

复制配置文件和启动脚本：

MariaDB提供了不同的配置文件，如my-small.cnf，my-large.cnf，这些配置文件的不同之处在于其定义的MariaDB运行时的缓存，缓冲等大小不一样，可以根据自己机器的性能和配置，选择合适的配置文件复制：

另外为了与MySQL的配置做区分，这里不在复制到/etc/下，而是复制到MariaDB的basedir下：
```
# cp support-files/my-small.cnf /usr/local/mariadb/my.cnf
# cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mariadb
```

编辑启动脚本和配置文件

为了防止MariaDB启动时由于未配置datadir，导致启动时MariaDB读取/etc/my.cnf中配置的datadir，所以需要在MariaDB自定义的配置文件中增加datadir：

[mysqld]
datadir=/data/mariadb

MariaDB的启动脚本需要对basedir、datadir进行修改，并且增加conf配置，然后再修改启动命令，指定配置文件启动：

basedir=/usr/local/mariadb
datadir=/data/mariadb
conf=$basedir/my.cnf
...
case "$mode" in
  'start')
    # Start daemon

    # Safeguard (relative paths, core dumps..)
    cd $basedir

    echo $echo_n "Starting MySQL"
    if test -x $bindir/mysqld_safe
    then
      # Give extra arguments to mysqld with the my.cnf file. This script
      # may be overwritten at next upgrade.
      # 增加--defaults-file选项
      $bindir/mysqld_safe --defaults-file="$conf" --datadir="$datadir" --pid-file="$mysqld_pid_file_path" "$@" &
      wait_for_ready; return_value=$?
...

启动服务

[root@localhost mariadb]# /etc/init.d/mariadb start
Reloading systemd:                                         [  确定  ]
Starting mariadb (via systemctl):                          [  确定  ]

[root@localhost mariadb]# ps aux | grep mysql
root       2288  0.0  0.1 115380  1736 ?        S    00:19   0:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mariadb/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/usr/local/mariadb/my.cnf --datadir=/data/mariadb --pid-file=/data/mariadb/localhost.localdomain.pid
mysql      2404  0.3  5.6 1583772 56676 ?       Sl   00:19   0:00 /usr/local/mariadb/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/usr/local/mariadb/my.cnf --basedir=/usr/local/mariadb --datadir=/data/mariadb --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mariadb/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=/data/mariadb/localhost.localdomain.err --pid-file=/data/mariadb/localhost.localdomain.pid --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3306
root       2442  0.0  0.0 112668   964 pts/0    S+   00:21   0:00 grep --color=auto mysql

[root@localhost mariadb]# netstat -tlnp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1328/sshd
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      2032/master
tcp6       0      0 :::3306                 :::*                    LISTEN      2404/mysqld

Apache安装

Apache是一个基金会的名字，实际上httpd才是需要安装的软件包，早期其名字叫做apache。

下载httpd源码包及依赖包

安装httpd还需要使用apr和apr-util通用函数库，它们可以让httpd不关心底层操作系统平台，可以很方便的移植，如从linux移植到windows。

下载httpd和apr，apr-util源码包：

// httpd2.4.33源码包
# wget http://mirrors.cnnic.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.4.33.tar.gz
// apr1.6.3源码包
# wget http://mirrors.cnnic.cn/apache/apr/apr-1.6.3.tar.gz
// apr-util1.6.1源码包
# wget http://mirrors.cnnic.cn/apache/apr/apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2

编译apr和apr-util

由于yum安装的apr和apr-util版本与httpd2.4不匹配，所以需要手动编译这两个库；

编译apr

# tar zxvf apr-1.6.3.tar.gz
# cd apr-1.6.3
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
# make && make install

检查是否安装正确
```
[root@localhost apr-1.6.3]# echo $?
0
```

编译apr-util

编译apr-util时需要指定apr的安装位置：

# tar jxvf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2
# cd apr-util-1.6.1
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr
# make && make install

如果执行make的过程中报错如下，则需要安装xml解析的expat-devel软件包：

[root@localhost apr-util-1.6.1]# make && make install
make[1]: 进入目录“/usr/local/src/apr-util-1.6.1”
/bin/sh /usr/local/apr/build-1/libtool --silent --mode=compile gcc -g -O2 -pthread   -DHAVE_CONFIG_H  -DLINUX -D_REENTRANT -D_GNU_SOURCE   -I/usr/local/src/apr-util-1.6.1/include -I/usr/local/src/apr-util-1.6.1/include/private  -I/usr/local/apr/include/apr-1    -o xml/apr_xml.lo -c xml/apr_xml.c &&touch xml/apr_xml.lo
xml/apr_xml.c:35:19: 致命错误：expat.h：没有那个文件或目录
 #include <expat.h>
                   ^
编译中断。
make[1]: *** [xml/apr_xml.lo] 错误 1
make[1]: 离开目录“/usr/local/src/apr-util-1.6.1”
make: *** [all-recursive] 错误 1

编译安装httpd

httpd的编译参数如下：
```
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2.4 \
--with-apr=/usr/local/apr \
--with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util \
--enable-so \
--enable-mods-shared=most
```
- 其中，enable-so参数是让apache支持动态扩展和加载模块，如php模块，enable-mods-shared=most参数则是指定apache支持绝大多数的模块扩展。

编译时报错pcre-config，则需要安装pcre-devel软件包：

checking for pcre-config... false
configure: error: pcre-config for libpcre not found. PCRE is required and available from http://pcre.org/

安装：

# make && make install

安装时如果报错如下，则是因为编译apr-util时没有安装expat-devel，并且安装之后没有重新进行编译，如果编译出错，使用make clean清除之前的编译结果：

/usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.so: undefined reference to `XML_GetErrorCode'
/usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.so: undefined reference to `XML_SetEntityDeclHandler'
/usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.so: undefined reference to `XML_ParserCreate'
/usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.so: undefined reference to `XML_SetCharacterDataHandler'
/usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.so: undefined reference to `XML_ParserFree'
/usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.so: undefined reference to `XML_SetUserData'
/usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.so: undefined reference to `XML_StopParser'
/usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.so: undefined reference to `XML_Parse'
/usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.so: undefined reference to `XML_ErrorString'
/usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.so: undefined reference to `XML_SetElementHandler'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make[2]: *** [htpasswd] 错误 1
make[2]: 离开目录“/usr/local/src/httpd-2.4.33/support”
make[1]: *** [all-recursive] 错误 1
make[1]: 离开目录“/usr/local/src/httpd-2.4.33/support”
make: *** [all-recursive] 错误 1

安装完成后可以进入apache的安装目录，apache的执行文件为apache/bin/httpd:

[root@localhost apache2.4]# ls
bin    cgi-bin  error   icons    logs  manual
build  conf     htdocs  include  man   modules

[root@localhost apache2.4]# ls -l bin/httpd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2348432 5月  25 01:33 bin/httpd

apache的安装目录下，conf目录为配置文件所在目录，htdocs则是存放默认访问页的目录，logs则是日志存放的目录，日志由错误日志、访问日志等，modules则是扩展模块的存放目录，每个模块都代表apache的一个功能，查看apache加载了哪些模块，可以使用如下命令：

# /usr/local/apache2.4/bin/apachectl -M
or
# /usr/local/apache2.4/bin/httpd -M

[root@localhost apache2.4]# ./bin/httpd -M
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.localdomain. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
Loaded Modules:
 core_module (static)
 so_module (static)
 http_module (static)
 mpm_event_module (static)
 authn_file_module (shared)
 authn_core_module (shared)
 authz_host_module (shared)
 authz_groupfile_module (shared)
 authz_user_module (shared)
 authz_core_module (shared)
 access_compat_module (shared)
 auth_basic_module (shared)
 reqtimeout_module (shared)
 filter_module (shared)
 mime_module (shared)
 log_config_module (shared)
 env_module (shared)
 headers_module (shared)
 setenvif_module (shared)
 version_module (shared)
 unixd_module (shared)
 status_module (shared)
 autoindex_module (shared)
 dir_module (shared)
 alias_module (shared)

这里模块后面的static和shared，static表示模块被编译进了htppd脚本里，是一个整体；shared则表示扩展模块，模块在modules目录下，在需要时被调用。

启动apache，执行bin/apachectl start：

[root@localhost apache2.4]# /usr/local/apache2.4/bin/apachectl start
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.localdomain. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message

[root@localhost apache2.4]# ps aux | grep httpd
root      76399  0.0  0.2  70952  2248 ?        Ss   01:47   0:00 /usr/local/apache2.4/bin/httpd -k start
daemon    76400  0.0  0.4 359916  4264 ?        Sl   01:47   0:00 /usr/local/apache2.4/bin/httpd -k start
daemon    76401  0.0  0.4 359916  4264 ?        Sl   01:47   0:00 /usr/local/apache2.4/bin/httpd -k start
daemon    76402  0.0  0.4 359916  4264 ?        Sl   01:47   0:00 /usr/local/apache2.4/bin/httpd -k start
root      76485  0.0  0.0 112724   976 pts/0    S+   01:47   0:00 grep --color=auto httpd

[root@localhost apache2.4]# netstat -tlnp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State     PID/Program name
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     1328/sshd
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     2032/master
tcp6       0      0 :::80                   :::*                    LISTEN     76399/httpd

默认监听80端口。

MariaDB和Apache的安装